5 Infectious Diseases to Keep an Eye On in 2025
As we progress through 2025, the global health landscape continues to evolve, presenting new challenges and re-emerging threats. Monitoring infectious diseases is crucial for public health preparedness and response. Here are five infectious diseases that warrant close attention this year:
1. Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)

Avian influenza, particularly the H5N1 strain, remains a significant concern. While primarily affecting poultry, there have been instances of transmission to humans, especially among those in close contact with infected birds. Recent reports indicate that health experts are urging enhanced measures to control the ongoing bird flu outbreak and mitigate the risk of the virus evolving to spread between humans. Scientists are calling for increased vaccination of farm workers and efforts to limit the spread among farm animals, as the H5N1 virus continues to infect cattle and chickens. The outbreak, which has lasted over nine months, poses a significant threat to global health. While 67 human cases have been confirmed, mostly among farm workers, no human-to-human transmission has been documented. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is closely monitoring the situation and has provided flu vaccines to farm workers in 12 states. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends measures such as virus testing, sequencing, and improved biosecurity on farms. Despite preparations for a potential pandemic by vaccine makers, the U.S. response is hindered by a pause on mass communications and the previous administration's critical stance on international disease control efforts.
2. Measles

Measles, a highly contagious viral disease, has seen a resurgence in various parts of the world. Declining vaccination rates, influenced by misinformation and vaccine hesitancy, have contributed to outbreaks even in countries where the disease was previously under control. The potential consequences of declining vaccination rates in the United States are exacerbated by the influence of anti-vaccine activists and political decisions. As childhood vaccination rates have dipped, the likelihood of resurgent epidemics for diseases like measles becomes more plausible. Public health experts express concern over how even minor declines in vaccination coverage can spur outbreaks. The document highlights that many healthcare providers lack the experience to diagnose and treat diseases that could return. It warns of the significant societal impact, such as increased illness and mortality, particularly among children, older adults, and the immunocompromised. Worries extend to diseases beyond vaccines, with less prepared health systems fearing overburdening would lead to less effective disease management. The document underscores that reestablishing control over diseases eliminated or reduced through vaccination could be both arduous and essential. The author stresses the importance of maintaining high vaccination rates to prevent the reoccurrence of preventable diseases, implying that public health and historical awareness may be crucial to avert this potential crisis.
3. Mpox (Monkeypox)

Mpox, caused by the monkeypox virus, has been identified in several countries outside its traditional endemic regions. A seventh case of pox Clade 1b, a deadly strain killing one in 10 infected, has been detected in the UK. This variant, considered the most dangerous, surfaced in an individual who had recently returned from Uganda. Though the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) labels the public threat as "low," close contacts were identified and advised appropriately to prevent further spread. Originating in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the strain has also appeared in other African countries and reached Europe, Asia, and the U.S. The WHO has declared the spread a global health emergency. Mpox, transmitted from animals, causes symptoms similar to the flu, followed by a severe rash that can lead to complications including blindness. The UK detected its first case in October, with subsequent cases emerging in Leeds and East Sussex.
4. Cryptosporidiosis

Cryptosporidiosis, caused by the Cryptosporidium parasite, is a highly contagious infection leading to gastroenteritis. Victoria, Australia, is experiencing a surge in cryptosporidiosis cases. As of January 24, 2025, there have been 87 confirmed cases since January 1, surpassing the five-year average for this time of year. In 2024, there were 2,349 cases in Victoria, a significant increase from 2023. Nationally, cases rose from 3,716 in 2023 to 11,860 in 2024. This waterborne disease predominantly affects children and can remain infectious for several weeks. Authorities recommend showering with soap before swimming, avoiding swallowing pool water, and washing hands thoroughly after using the bathroom or changing diapers. Previous outbreaks caused pool closures in multiple states, including New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland. The public is urged to seek medical advice if they suspect infection.
5. Disease X

The term "Disease X" represents a hypothetical, unknown pathogen that could cause a future epidemic. The WHO includes Disease X on its list of priority diseases to highlight the need for preparedness against unexpected threats. The concept underscores the importance of robust surveillance systems, rapid response strategies, and ongoing research to develop broad-spectrum antivirals and vaccines. In recent years, initiatives have been launched to anticipate and prepare for such unknown pathogens, emphasizing the need for global collaboration in pandemic preparedness.
In conclusion, staying vigilant and proactive in monitoring these infectious diseases is essential for global health security. Public health agencies, governments, and individuals must collaborate to enhance surveillance, promote vaccination, and implement effective prevention and control measures to mitigate the impact of these diseases in 2025 and beyond.
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